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Béja
Wars, hope, despair and peace in History
The causes of violence and wars is a traditional theme of controversy. Some old philosophers, like Maurras or von Moltke, see war as a divine law. Others, like Plato, think that it results from human passions or that it constitutes a biological necessity (Nietzsche, Malthus). Still others attribute it to nationalism fueled by despotism. For Marxists, conflict comes from the clash of economic forces. Scholars, philosophers, and moralists debate whether aggression is a constant factor in human nature, an innate or acquired character.
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Béja
Identities: the concept, manifestations and evolutions
The complex and polysemic notion of identity offers great opportunities for reflection. Historians, geographers, sociologists, ethnologists, political scientists, geo-politicians, economists, linguists, philosophers, semiologists, theologians..., among others, with methods specific to their discipline, analyze identity, its formation, its relationship with the territory and surrounding populations, the symbolic, written and verbal communication with group members or neighboring groups, changes over time and space. Thus, each particular identity and appears to understand it, we must analyze the highly variable combination of multiple constitutive factors themselves change over time and space.
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